Define to be the set of numbers of the form , where and are integers and either , or and . For a set and element , define to be the number of ways of choosing two distinct elements from with product either or .
For example if and , there is only one valid pair of elements with product , namely and . Thus, in this case .
For another example, if and , we have and , giving .
Let and be two sets satisfying the following conditions:
for all
Remarkably, these four conditions uniquely determine the sets and .
Let be the set of the first factorials: , and define to be the sum of all elements of .